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Date:         Wed, 5 Jun 1996 23:12:18 +0100
From: KNAPPEN@VKPMZD.KPH.UNI-MAINZ.DE
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To: Multiple recipients of list LATEX-L
              <LATEX-L@relay.urz.uni-heidelberg.de>
Subject:      Re: latex/2071: Latex fuer Vietnamesisch
Status: R

Frank,

here is included a document on the vietnamese character set which was sent
to the iso10646 mailing list 'bout five years ago.

--J"org Knappen


Appended: Document from ISO10646

Date: Fri, 12 Apr 91 17:26:00 CET
From: "J. W. van Wingen" <BUTPAA@HLERUL2.BITNET>
Subject: vietnamese
Sender: Multi-byte Code Issues <ISO10646@JHUVM.BITNET>

Please find the result of some research concerning Vietnamese.

Best regards, Johan van Wingen
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1
                                                        W   VERSION 1.1
 COMPLETE REPERTOIRE OF GRAPHIC CHARACTERS                   1991-04-10
 REQUIRED FOR THE VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE                   J. W. van Wingen

 COMMENTARY ON VIETNAMESE LETTERS

 The Vietnamese language has a number of extra letters, both consonants
 and vowels. I checked my information with Dr. Truong Van Binh, Lecturer
 in Vietnamese at Leiden University. This resulted also in finding more
 defects in DIS 10646. (There are no Vietnamese characters in Unicode at
 all, but the Chinese transliteration letters LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH
 DIAERESIS AND BREVE etc. are included, strangely enough.)

 The F, J, W, Z are not needed, and will only be kept for foreign names.
 There is, sorted after D, the:
   =d   LD61   LATIN SMALL   LETTER D WITH STROKE
   =D   LD62   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE

 The following are vowels in their own right:
    a   LA01   LATIN SMALL   LETTER A
    A   LA02   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A
   #a   LA23   LATIN SMALL   LETTER A WITH BREVE
   #A   LA24   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE
   ^a   LA15   LATIN SMALL   LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
   ^A   LA16   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
    e   LE01   LATIN SMALL   LETTER E
    E   LE02   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E
   ^e   LE15   LATIN SMALL   LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
   ^E   LE16   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
    i   LI01   LATIN SMALL   LETTER I
    I   LI02   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I
    o   LO01   LATIN SMALL   LETTER O
    O   LO02   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O
   ^o   LO15   LATIN SMALL   LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
   ^O   LO16   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
   }o   LO..   LATIN SMALL   LETTER O WITH HOOK
   }O   LO..   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HOOK
    u   LU01   LATIN SMALL   LETTER U
    U   LU02   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U
   }u   LU..   LATIN SMALL   LETTER U WITH HOOK
   }U   LU..   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HOOK
    y   LY01   LATIN SMALL   LETTER Y
    Y   LY02   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y

 All these can carry one of six tones, each except one indicated by a
 diacritic:

   high falling
   high rising    GRAVE              HUY\^EN
   low  falling   ACUTE              S/#AC
   low  broken    DOT BELOW          N#ANG
   low  rising    VERTICAL TILDE     H?OI
   high broken    TILDE              NG~A

 The diacritics have a name in Vietnamese, but no English equivalent.
 Those given here are the names used in DIS 10646.
 The "vertical tilde" in fact has the form of an interrogation sign
 without dot, so the name chosen (by whom?) is quite inappropriate.
 The sorting order is as indicated, but has as yet to be checked with a
 lexicon. The vowels seem not to have a place of their own in the
 alphabet, but have one on the keyboard (N 293, see below).

 When applied, we get the following characters, shown here on the Y:

   /y   LY11   LATIN SMALL   LETTER Y WITH ACUTE       *
   /Y   LY12   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE       *
   \y   LY13   LATIN SMALL   LETTER Y WITH GRAVE       *
   \Y   LY14   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE       *
   ?y   LY..   LATIN SMALL   LETTER Y WITH VTILDE
   ?Y   LY..   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH VTILDE
   ~y   LY19   LATIN SMALL   LETTER Y WITH TILDE
   ~Y   LY20   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH TILDE       *
   .y   LY..   LATIN SMALL   LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW   *
   .Y   LY..   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW   *

 In SC2/WG2 N 293 a code table is given for Vietnamese, but in this the
 letters marked with * are missing. One feels that there was lack of
 space, and the least used were omitted, just the same trick as we met
 with the LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS and the CYRILLIC CAPITAL
 HARD SIGN. Unfortunately, DIS 10646 follows N 293. (The Vietnamese
 letters are scattered over Tables 5 to 8 in a most impractical way.)

 Because the combination of some vowels with a tone results in a letter
 carrying two diacritics, this is reflected in its name. But that should
 be constructed in a logical way, unlike arbitrarily as in DIS 10646.
  /#a   LA     LATIN SMALL   LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE
  /#A   LA     LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE
  \#a   LA     LATIN SMALL   LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE
  \#A   LA     LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE
  ?#a   LA     LATIN SMALL   LETTER A WITH BREVE AND VTILDE
  ?#A   LA     LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND VTILDE
  ~#a   LA     LATIN SMALLAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE
  ~#A   LA     LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE
  .#a   LA     LATIN SMALL   LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW
  .#A   LA     LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW
  /^a   LA     LATIN SMALL   LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE
  /^A   LA     LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE
  \^a   LA     LATIN SMALL   LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE
  \^A   LA     LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE
  ?^a   LA     LATIN SMALL   LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND VTILDE
  ?^A   LA     LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND VTILDE
  ~^a   LA     LATIN SMALLAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE
  ~^A   LA     LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE
  .^a   LA     LATIN SMALL   LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW
  .^A   LA     LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW

 The form of the graphic symbol is outside the scope of DIS 10646 (and
 SC2 as well). But because the name might be derived from the common
 glyph, some remarks should be made. Putting a GRAVE or ACUTE over a
 CIRCUMFLEX may make the letter too high. Thus these forms occur:

     CIRCUMFLEX & ACUTE      CIRCUMFLEX & GRAVE

        /\  /    //\         \  /\       /\\
       /  \/    //  \         \/  \     /  \\
      /    \   //    \        /    \   /    \\
        1         2             3        4

 It was pointed out to me that case 2 is NOT permitted.

 Glyphs are the subject of SC18/WG8 and they should be aware of this.