Received: by nummer-3.proteosys id <01C19443.4DC497E4@nummer-3.proteosys>; Thu, 3 Jan 2002 11:42:13 +0100 Return-Path: <@vm.gmd.de:LATEX-L@DHDURZ1.BITNET> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----_=_NextPart_001_01C19443.4DC497E4" x-vm-v5-data: ([nil nil nil nil nil nil t t nil][nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil]) X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft Exchange V6.5 Content-class: urn:content-classes:message Subject: References and citations (2) Date: Sat, 9 Nov 1991 22:34:49 +0100 Message-ID: X-MS-Has-Attach: X-MS-TNEF-Correlator: From: Sender: "LaTeX-L Mailing list" To: "Rainer M. Schoepf" Reply-To: "LaTeX-L Mailing list" Status: R X-Status: X-Keywords: X-UID: 453 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------_=_NextPart_001_01C19443.4DC497E4 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable % \documentstyle[11pt,ccc_opt_501]{report} \documentstyle[11pt]{report} \newcommand{\itlatex} {L\kern-.30em\raise.3ex\hbox{\footnotesize\it A}\kern-.15em T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.100emX} % For italic = in refs \newcommand{\BibTeX}{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}} \begin{document} \title{Some suggestions about how TEI Guidelines\\ might treat references and citations} \author{David Rhead\\ University of Nottingham\\ {\footnotesize\tt JANET: d.rhead@uk.ac.nottingham.ccc.vme} } \date{November 1991} \maketitle \sloppy \pagenumbering{roman} \begin{abstract} These notes are an attempt to re-draft those sections of the October \marginpar{\footnotesize\it Written about TEI and SGML by someone who knows little about either} 1990 draft Guidelines that deal with references and citations. \end{abstract} \tableofcontents \clearpage \pagenumbering{arabic} \setcounter{chapter}{4} \chapter{Features common to many text types} \setcounter{section}{4} \section{Bibliographic references and citations} \subsection{Terminology} For the purpose of these Guidelines, the following definitions apply: \begin{description} \item[reference] --- a set of data describing a document, or part of a document. The data must be sufficiently precise and detailed to enable someone to identify = and locate the document (or part). \item[citation] --- a brief form of reference inserted parenthetically within the running text or appended as a note at the foot of the page, at the end of a chapter, or at the end of the complete = text. \end{description} This terminology is based on that used in BS 1629 \cite{bs-1629} and ISO 690 \cite{iso-690}. It differs from that used by some other = authorities, e.g., Butcher \cite{butcher} and the {\it Chicago Manual of Style} \cite{chicago}, who use \lq\lq full reference'' and \lq\lq text = reference'' instead of \lq\lq reference'' and \lq\lq citation'' respectively. The citation schemes in general use can be classified as reference-by-number, author-date and short-form. They are described, = for example, in ISO 690 \cite[section 9]{iso-690}. \subsection{Overall requirements} \label{overall} Users of the Guidelines will certainly need to be able to: \begin{itemize} \item produce a document using a standard citation scheme \item tag a document for archiving that uses a standard citation scheme. \end{itemize} The potential re-usability of tagged text will be increased if, in addition, the tagging scheme permits information to be supplied so that software can derive versions of a document that are identical except = that they use different citation schemes. Hence, the TEI tagging scheme (as described in the following = subsections) can be used: \begin{description} \item[either] to tag a document \lq\lq as written'', or for \lq\lq one off'' production, with just the information needed for the single = citation scheme chosen by the document's author \item[or] to tag a document with the information needed to produce = versions that use different citation schemes. \end{description} \subsection{Background to tagging scheme for references} References may be found gathered together in a bibliography or \lq\lq = list of references'', possibly with embedded narrative or discussion. They = may also appear within running text or footnotes. See \cite[chapter 10]{butcher} and \cite[chapters 16--18]{chicago}. It is clearly desirable that references should have their internal structure tagged where possible (e.g., to distinguish \lq\lq London'' as = an author's name from \lq\lq London'' as a place-of-publication). Such tagging will facilitate: \begin{itemize} \item analysis of encoded texts \item production of a physical document that conforms to a house-style. \end{itemize} Although there is a degree of consensus about the details needed for a \marginpar{\footnotesize\it If you put something like these notes into = the Guidelines, you'll probably prune this subsection first} straightforward reference (e.g., to a book or journal-article), = different authorities give different analyses of \lq\lq the structure of a reference'', and the different analyses lead to different forms of presentation in less straightforward cases. There are confusing differences in terminology between \lq\lq instructions for authors'' (as issued by journals and publishing houses) and the cataloguing rules used = by librarians, even though \lq\lq an author'' may well have found a cited = work in a library, and must provide \lq\lq the reader'' with the information = needed to locate the work in a library.% \footnote{For example, an author might think in terms of \lq\lq books'' and \lq\lq journals'', while a cataloguer might use the terms \lq\lq monographs'' and \lq\lq serials''.} Although standards bodies have attempted to provide suitable analyses of the information that should be provided (together with recommendations about the order of presentation, etc.), there are divergences between the analyses given by different bodies: it is not always easy to see = whether different standards are describing different schemes or are just giving different descriptions of a single scheme.% \footnote{For instance, there seems little difference between ISO 690's \lq\lq primary responsibility'', BS 1629's \lq\lq originator'' and the {\it Chicago Manual of Style\/}'s \lq\lq author'' \cite[chapter = 16]{chicago}. However, BS 6371 \cite[section 10]{bs-6371} suggests that a thesis should be treated like a published book, whereas the {\it Chicago Manual of Style\/} suggests that a thesis should be treated like an unpublished journal-article \cite[p.\ = 467]{chicago}.} And the people who produce computer programs \lq\lq to help authors deal = with references and citations'' seem to have added to the confusion by inventing their own analyses rather than using a pre-existing analysis.% \footnote{Examples: ISO 690 has a single \lq\lq articles, etc., in serials'' category, but {\sf EndNote}'s default scheme \cite{endnote} has separate \lq\lq journal article'' and \lq\lq magazine article'' categories; BS^6371 = treats all theses the same \cite[section 10]{bs-6371}, but \BibTeX's standard styles \cite[appendix^B]{lamport-86} have separate \lq\lq Master's thesis'' and \lq\lq Ph.D. thesis'' categories.} Overall, except for straightforward cases, there seems little consensus about: \begin{itemize} \item the categories into which references can be divided \item the internal structure of references in a particular category. \end{itemize} \subsection{Tagging scheme for references} \label{reference-tags} It would probably be counter-productive (as well as very time-consuming) for TEI to attempt to clarify matters by producing its own analysis of \lq\lq categories'' and \lq\lq elements within each category''. Any new analysis would probably be seen as just \lq\lq yet another not-quite-compatible scheme''. The TEI tagging scheme for references is therefore based on a = combination of two existing analyses,% \footnote{If, in due course, a \lq\lq standard'' appears that provides a more appropriate analysis than the combination of ISO 690:1987 with BS 6371:1983, the techniques described in Chapter 8 can be used to modify = the Guidelines to support the new standard. Users of the current Guidelines may wish to lobby ISO about the features they would like in some future = ISO standard! (There are, of course, plenty of alternatives to the analysis given by combining ISO 690 and BS 6371. For example, TEI could choose = one of the \lq\lq programs that help authors with references and = citations'', adopt that program's analysis, and hence give some compatibility between that program and TEI tagging.)} namely: \begin{itemize} \item for published works, that given by ISO 690 \cite{iso-690} \item for unpublished works, that given by BS 6371 \cite{bs-6371}.% \footnote{There does not seem to be an ISO standard for references to unpublished works. The BS 6371 analysis is used because (a) in the = absence of an ISO standard, {\it some} analysis has to be used (b) BS 6371 = happens to make conversion to a concise DTD fairly straightforward.} \end{itemize} In addition, the scheme supports a \lq\lq black box'' category for use = in the following 2 situations: \begin{itemize} \item when neither ISO 690 nor BS 6371 seems appropriate \item when an author chooses not to tag the internal structure of = his/her reference. \end{itemize} The scheme gives each category of reference a tag of the form \verb++. The formal DTD is listed in = Appendix \ref{DTDs}. Ideally, you should proceed as follows: \begin{enumerate} \item for a published work, consult ISO 690 \cite{iso-690}. If the work belongs to one of the categories listed in section 4 of ISO 690, = tag it as \verb++, \verb++, \verb++, \verb++, \verb++ or = \verb++. \item for an unpublished work, consult BS 6371 \cite{bs-6371}. If the BS 6371 analysis seems appropriate, tag the work as \verb++ or \verb++. \item if none of the categories defined in ISO 690 or BS 6371 seems appropriate, use the \verb++ tag. \end{enumerate} If you have insufficient time to tag the internal structure of your references, you can tag them all as \verb++. However, archive-users will then lose some options for analysis, and {\em you will lose some options for automatic conversion of the = electronic text to human-readable form}, e.g., \begin{itemize} \item layout of references in accordance with a house-style \item automatic derivation of the {\it (author, date)} citations needed for the author-date scheme. \end{itemize} The reference \lq\lq crystals'' that are given \verb++ tags may appear in isolation, e.g., in running text or in \marginpar{\footnotesize\it What happens about the things described in \cite[p.\ 425]{chicago}?} footnotes. However, in many works, such \lq\lq crystals'' will be = gathered together into a reference-list. You should use a \verb++ tag = to identify such a list. \subsubsection*{Example} There follows an example of a tagged reference-list.% \footnote{The example reference-list glosses over problems such as the following: (1) {\tt} seems a cumbersome way to specify people's names. (2) Do we assume that some \BibTeX-like code processes names and = combinations of names, so that internal tagging of names can usually be omitted? (3) In titles, etc., what happens about \lq\lq up-and-down-style versus down-style'', as when some house-styles require most words to start with a capital letter, but some house-styles have the same = capitalization in titles as in normal text? (4) How is {\tt} to be specified, e.g., 1, 1st, first, First, revised, preliminary, Canadian? (5) Does further tagging need defining within {\tt}, to cope = with places like Cambridge (Massachusetts)? (6) If {\tt} is of the form \lq\lq Translation of: \lq\lq\ = \dots\ '', how does one indicate that \dots\ is a title (so that it may be typeset like other titles)? (7) How is {\tt} within {\tt} to be = specified, if it may, e.g., have to represent \lq\lq volume 5, part^3''? (8) What might appear in {\tt} within {\tt}, and how can one allow for the encoding of all possibilities? (9) In \verb++, page-ranges will usually require an em-dash. Does this always need specifying explicitly? (10) In \lq\lq serials'': what combinations of \lq\lq dates and/or numbers'' may need tagging: what is the relationship between \lq\lq edition/issue-designation'' and \lq\lq year''? (11) Might {\tt} be required in different forms for serials, patents, unpublished documents. If so, does it matter? (12) Should the scheme allow people to associate more than one {\tt id} = (or equivalent) with a particular reference? For example: an {\tt id} such as {\tt lominadze1981} is easy to remember, but is not = guaranteed to stay unique if reference \lq\lq crystals'' are collected into a database; ISBN-based {\tt id}s such as {\tt isbn0080216803} are difficult to remember, but will stay unique no matter what other = reference \lq\lq crystals'' are added later. (13) How does one indicate a \lq\lq missing value'', as when the = publisher is unknown? } To help show the correspondence between the tagging scheme and the = combined ISO 690/BS 6371 analysis, the references in the list are mostly taken = from the two standards documents \cite{iso-690,bs-6371}. The \verb++ reference shows how an example given in BS 1629 \cite{bs-1629} can be tagged. \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} -- Monograph -- D. G. Lominadze -- When is as given above, it is assumed that: * a person is primarily responsible (i.e., by default, is assumed to be a ). If a corporate = body is responsible, can be given as, for example, Imperial Chemical Industries. Paint = Division The distinction only matters if is processed automatically (e.g., to convert first names to initials, or to reverse surname and first name). * the primary responsibility is that of "author". If desired, = roles can be specified thus: author D. G. Lominadze By using in both and , you can = clarify the relationship between the "primary" and "subordinate" responsibilities. See sections 7.1 and 7.3 of ISO 690. -- Cyclotron waves in plasma <subordinate> <role> translator <name> A. N. Dellis </subordinate> <edition> 1st <place> Oxford <publisher> Pergamon Press <year> 1981 <extent> 206 pages <series> International series in natural philosophy <notes> Translation of: Ciklotronnye volny v plazme <standard.number> ISBN 0-08-021680-3 -- If the citation scheme is author-date, the surname and year required for an in-text citation can be derived automatically = from the <primary> and <year> fields above -- -- If the citation scheme is "short form", the first citation will use at least the <primary> and <title> elements above. = Subsequent citations will use the "short form" specified below. (The "short form" may be introduced in the first citation.) Declaring the "short form" here is analogous to Butcher's suggestion ("Copy-editing", page 178). -- <short.form> -- Tagging within <short.form> will permit the pattern of typography to be the same in "first citation", "subsequent citations" and "full reference" -- <primary> Lominadze <title> Cyclotron waves </short.form> </ref.mono> -- Serial -- <ref.serial id=3Dcommsmanuf} <title> Communications equipment manufacturers <responsibility> Manufacturing and Primary Industries Division, Statistics Canada <edition> Preliminary <issue.desig> 1970— <place> Ottawa <publisher> Statistics Canada <year> 1971— <series> Annual census of manufacturers <notes> Text in English and French <standard.number> ISSN 0700-0758 </ref.serial> -- Part of monograph -- <ref.mono.part id=3DParker1930> -- Software can make an intelligent guess that the following entry is of the form "personal-name and personal-name". When the structure is less obvious, more detailed markup will be required. -- <primary> T. J. Parker and W. D. Haswell <host> A text-book of zoology <edition> 5th <numeration> volume 1 <subordinate> <role> revisor <name> W. D. Lang </subordinate> <place> London <publisher> Macmillan <year> 1930 <location.within> <unit.type> section <unit.number> 12 <unit.title> Phylum Mollusca <pages> 663—782 </location.within> <short.form> <primary> Parker and Haswell <title> Zoology </short.form> </ref.mono.part> -- Contribution to monograph -- <ref.mono.contrib id=3DWrigley1968> <contrib.primary> E. A. Wrigley <contrib.title> Parish registers and the historian <host.primary> D. J. Steel <host.title> National index of parish registers <place> London <publisher> Society of Genealogists <year> 1968 <location.within> <unit.type> volume <unit.number> 1 <pages> 155—167 </location.within> <short.form> <primary> Wrigley <title> Registers </short.form> </ref.mono.contrib> -- Article in serial -- <ref.article id=3DWeaver1985> <primary> William Weaver <title> The collectors: command performances <subordinate> <role> photographer <name> Robert Emmett Bright </subordinate> <host> Architectural digest <location.within> <year> 1985 -- People usually refer to weekly/monthly magazines by "date of issue", but to academic journals by "year, volume and = (optionally) issue-number". The former style is supported by <year> and <rest.of.date>, the latter by <year>, <volume> and (if desired) <number>. -- <rest.of.date> December <volume> 42 <number> 12 <pages> 126—133 </location.within> <short.form> <primary> Weaver <title> Collectors </short.form> </ref.article> -- Patent -- <ref.patent id=3Dpatent608626> <primary> <role> applicant <name><org> Carl Zeiss Jena, VEB </org> </primary> <invention.title> <foreign lang=3Dgerman> Anordnung zur = lichtelektrischen Erfassung der Mitte eines Lichtfeldes </foreign> <subordinate> -- Can software make an intelligent guess that this is "personal-name and personal-name and personal-name", or is more detailed markup essential? -- <role> inventor <name><foreign lang=3Dgerman> W. Feist und C. Wahnert und E. Feistauer </foreign> </subordinate> <notes> -- The following means "according to the 3rd edition of the International Patent Classification, the classification number is G02 B 27/14" -- <int.class> <edition> 3 <classification> G02 B 27/14 </int.class> </notes> <identifier> <office> Schweiz <kind> Patentschrift <number> 608626 </identifier> <year> 1979 <rest.of.date> 01-15 </ref.patent> -- Unpublished document -- <ref.unpub id=3DTraquair1638> -- Descriptive element -- <name> Earl of Traquair <title> letter to Marquess of Hamilton <year> 1638 <rest.of.date> 28 Aug -- If there was a "material designation", it would be tagged with <mat.desig> -- -- Location element -- <place> Lennoxlove (E. Lothian) <repository> Muniments of Duke of Hamilton and Brandon <call.number> C.1 -- If different citations of an unpublished work required = different "locations within the piece", it would be better to omit <location.within> from the <ref. ... > and to use partic attributes in the <cite. ... > tags -- <location.within> no. 963 -- If there was "other information", it would be tagged with <other.info> -- -- Although the surname and year required for author-date citation = of a published work can usually be derived automatically, some human judgement is needed about the "first significant word or words" for an unpublished item. The elements to be used are specified = as shown below. -- <author.date> <author> Traquair <date> 1638 </author.date> <short.form> <title> Traquair's letter to Hamilton </short.form> </ref.unpub> -- Document resembling a published work -- <ref.resem.pub id=3Dmarkham1877> -- Descriptive element compiled as if the document were published (but in line with ISO 690, even though BS 6371 suggests BS 5605) = -- <primary> C. R. Markham <title> Report on the Geographical Department of the India Office, 1867—1877 <year> 1877 -- Location element -- <place> London <repository> India Office Library <short.form> <primary> Markham <title> Geographical Department </short.form> </ref.resem.pub> -- Black box -- <ref.black.box id=3DThatcher1986> Margaret Thatcher. Interview. -- Structure is not specified in <ref.black.box>, but presentational markup is possible (so as to get appropriate typography) -- <highlighted rendition=3Ditalic>In: Six O'clock News.</highlighted> TV, BBC 1, 1986, Jan 29, 1823 hrs. -- Software will be unable to deduce the "author" and "date" to be used in citations of <ref.black.box> references -- <author.date> <author> Thatcher <date> 1986 </author.date> <short.form> Thatcher. Interview. 29 Jan 1986 </short.form> </ref.black.box> </list.refs> \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} \subsection{Background to tagging scheme for citations} \label{citation-background} Although there are elements of consensus among the diverse groups who \marginpar{\footnotesize\it If you put something like these notes into = the Guidelines, you'll probably prune this subsection first} specify the conventions to which authors should adhere when citing, = there are also differences of approach that make it difficult to isolate the structures that are to be encoded. For example: \begin{enumerate} \item The American Chemical Society \cite{acs} gives \begin{quotation} \noindent Marshall and Levitt's approach {\it cite\/} \end{quotation} as an example of how to cite at a logical place. However, if the author-date scheme is used, and the intructions given in ISO 690 \cite{iso-690} are followed, the = citation will be of the form \begin{quotation} \noindent Marshall and Lewitt's ({\it date\/}) approach \end{quotation} It seems that the ACS example shows the \lq\lq logical place'' for reference-by-number, and that the most = appropriate position for the citation changes if the citation scheme changes. \item A similar problem arises if the scheme changes from \lq\lq = short-forms in footnotes'' to author-date. The {\it Chicago Manual of Style} recommends that footnote numbers should, wherever possible, come at the end of a sentence or at least at the end of a clause, as in \cite[p.\ 406]{chicago} \begin{quotation} \noindent \lq\lq This,'' George Templeton Strong wrote approvingly, \lq\lq is what our tailors can do.''$^1$ \end{quotation} where the superscript $^1$ indicates the footnote that contains the citation. However, when the author-date scheme is used, the ISO 690 recommendations lead to the citation being placed thus: \begin{quotation} \noindent \lq\lq This,'' George Templeton Strong ({\it date\/}) wrote approvingly, \lq\lq is what our tailors can do.'' \end{quotation} \item When two citations are adjacent, care is needed when converting = from reference-by-number to \lq\lq short-forms in footnotes''. For = example, BS 1629 \cite{bs-1629} converts the reference-by-number citation \begin{quotation} \dots\ reluctant to delegate$^{27,28}$ \dots \end{quotation} to \begin{quotation} \dots\ reluctant to delegate$^{35}$ \dots \end{quotation} where footnote 35 contains two citations. \item \label{punc} The position of a reference-by-number citation may be affected by whether the numbers are given in brackets (when they appear = before punctuation) or as superscripts (when they appear after = punctuation). For example, the American Chemical Society suggests \cite{acs}, \begin{quotation} \dots\ was reported previously.$^3$ \end{quotation} but \begin{quotation} \dots\ was reported previously(3). \end{quotation} House-style may also decree \lq\lq no space'', as above,% \footnote{\cite{acs} doesn't make it clear whether or not ACS = house-style puts a space between the bracket and the preceding word.} or \lq\lq a space'' as in ISO 690's \begin{quotation} \dots\ explored in the sciences (24). \end{quotation} \item Although most publishers put short-form citations in footnotes, the MLA \cite{mla} advocates short-form citations in running text.% \footnote{Is this because the MLA thinks such citations are ideal, or because, when \cite{mla} was written, the technology that makes = citations in footnotes easy was scarce? If the MLA is now ready to = advocate/accept citations in footnotes, some simplification of the treatment given in subsection \ref{citation-tags} may be possible.} \item \label{multiple} Where more than one work is cited at a particular point, the multiple citation needs appropriate ordering and punctuation. A reference-by-number house-style may require numbers to be given in ascending order, with dashes used for number-ranges = \cite{acs}. In an author-date style, it should be possible for the typeset result of 3 adjacent citations to be \cite[p.\ 403]{chicago} \begin{quotation} (Light 1972; Light and Wong 1975; Kingston 1976) \end{quotation} or, if page-numbers are specified, \cite[p.\ 404]{chicago} \begin{quotation} (Kelley 1896a, 10; Kelley 1896b; Kelley 1907, 3) \end{quotation} When multiple short-form citations occur in a footnote, the style = will probably require semicolons between the citations and a full stop after the last citation \cite[p.\ 407]{chicago}. \item In the past, {\it op.\ cit.}, {\it loc.\ cit.}, {\it ibid.}\ and = {\it idem.}\ \cite[p.\ 489]{chicago} may have been labour-saving devices but, since computers can now do the \lq\lq labour'', it is not = clear that {\it op.\ cit.}, etc., need supporting for \lq\lq new work''. = It used to be considered \lq\lq good practice'' for a printer to = convert the first {\it ibid.}\ on a left-hand page to the corresponding short-form \cite[p.\ 178]{butcher}. Given that software can insert = the short-form automatically, might it be \lq\lq even better practice'' for new documents to {\em always} use the appropriate short-form rather {\it ibid\/}? \item Some publications use different schemes in parallel. For example, a \lq\lq conference proceedings'' might have one contribution that uses author-date and another that uses \lq\lq short-forms in footnotes''. Some software houses seem to use \lq\lq short form'' for their own publications, and a different scheme for other = people's publications (see, for example, \cite{spss}). \end{enumerate} \subsection{Tagging scheme for citations} \label{citation-tags} To take account of the points mentioned in sections \ref{overall} and \marginpar{\footnotesize\it In response to some similar stuff, Nico = Poppelier remarked that I'm making a mistake that SGML novices often make: failure to distinguish between syntax and semantics} \ref{citation-background}, the Guidelines support the tagging of different schemes (i.e., reference-by-number, author-date or short-form) = in parallel via \verb+<cite. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ tags as follows: \begin{description} \item[for the reference-by-number scheme] --- \verb+<cite.number>+, to give numbers \lq\lq in order of first = citation'' \item[for the author-date scheme] --- \verb+<cite.ad>+, to give citations of the form {\it (author, = date)\/}, and (for when the author's name occurs naturally in the text) \verb+<cite.date>+ to just give {\it (date)} \item[for the short-form scheme] --- \verb+<cite.first>+, to give at least name(s) of author(s) and full = title \marginpar{\footnotesize\it If software can work out whether a citation is a \lq\lq first citation'', {\tt <cite.first>} may not be needed = (unless needed for a \lq\lq table of abbreviations'')} for use in the first citation,% \footnote{In most cases, when document A cites document B: A will have a reference-list that contains a {\tt <ref.\ }{\it \dots\ }{\tt >} for B; a {\tt <cite.first\ }{\it \dots\ }{\tt >} of B will contain a selection of the information from the {\tt <ref.\ }{\it \dots\ }{\tt >}; a {\tt <cite.short\ }{\it \dots\ }{\tt >} of B will contain a selection of the information from the {\tt <cite.first\ }{\it \dots\ = }{\tt >}. However, if A has no reference-list, the {\tt <ref.\ }{\it \dots\ }{\tt >} for B will be placed where the {\tt <cite.first\ }{\it \dots\ }{\tt >} would have been if A had had a reference-list. } and {\tt <cite.short>} to give the \lq\lq short form'' required for subsequent citations. \end{description} If several citations occur together, you should nest the corresponding \verb+<cite. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ elements inside \verb+<multicite.number>+, \verb+<multicite.ad>+ or \verb+<multicite.short>+, as appropriate. Such tagging gives scope for software that can take account of details such as those mentioned in item \ref{multiple} of section \ref{citation-background}. Thus: \begin{itemize} \item If you are tagging an existing work, you will use the \verb+<ref. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+, \verb+<cite. +{\it \dots\ = }\verb+>+ and \verb+<multicite. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ tags that are appropriate for the citation scheme used by the work's author. This will usually imply supplying tags for just one scheme (although there may be exceptions in the case of conference proceedings, etc., if different contributors use different = schemes). \item If you are writing a new work and are only interested in producing one version (with a single citation scheme), you will use the \verb+<ref. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+, \verb+<cite. +{\it \dots\ = }\verb+>+ and \verb+<multicite. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ tags that are appropriate for whichever citation scheme you choose. \item If you wish to tag a new work in such a way as to maximize its potential re-usability, you may wish to supply tags for more than one citation scheme in parallel. \end{itemize} Obviously, such tagging will have to be used in conjunction with appropriate DTDs. For example, if tags are supplied for more than one citation scheme in parallel, a typeset document will need to have \lq\lq all citation schemes visible'' in a conference proceedings, but \lq\lq only one citation scheme visible'' in a document that is intended to = just use one scheme at once. When taken in conjunction with the \verb+<ref. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ = tags introduced in section \ref{reference-tags}, the \verb+<cite. +{\it = \dots\ }{\tt>} tags provide support for software that (when converting an electronic text into a human-readable document): \begin{description} \item[for reference-by-number] generates numbers \lq\lq in order of = first citation'', and makes them available for use in a = \verb+<list.refs>+ \item[for author-date] derives {\it author} and {\it date} from = information (usually surname and year) provided in a \verb+<list.refs>+, and makes them available for use by = \verb+<cite.ad>+ or \verb+<cite.date>+ \item[for short-form] takes the information provided (once) in a \verb+<ref. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ and makes it available for use = by \verb+<cite.first>+ and \verb+<cite.short>+. (If desired, the \verb+<cite.first>+ can introduce the \lq\lq short form'' to be = used by \verb+<cite.short>+.) \end{description} A citation may have to specify not only a publication, but a particular page, section, equation, etc., within that publication. You can specify such a subdivision by using the {\tt partic} attribute in any of the \verb+<cite. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ tags.% \footnote{This glosses over questions such as whether the internal structure of {\tt partic} should be tagged, e.g., so as to allow for the different treatment of page-ranges by different house-styles. The \lq\lq molecules'' and \lq\lq atoms'' of internal structure will probably be much the same for {\tt partic} as for {\tt = <location.within>} in {\tt <ref.\ }{\it \dots\ }{\tt >} elements.} \subsubsection*{Minor variations} To take account of certain practical details, there are some minor variations between the definitions of the \verb+<cite. +{\it \dots\ }{\tt>} tags. Since the position of reference-by-number citations relative to = punctuation may be affected by whether a house-style uses superscript numbers or bracketed numbers (see item \ref{punc} of section \ref{citation-background}), \verb+<cite.number>+ and \verb+<multicite.number>+ can be used with a {\tt punc} attribute to specify punctuation whose position may be house-style dependent. Formatting software will generally place punctuation specified via {\tt punc} to the left of superscript citations, but to the right of = bracketed citations. (If a \verb+<multicite.number>+ is involved, the {\tt punc} should be in the \verb+<multicite.number>+ rather than in any of the enclosed \verb+<cite.number>+s.) Short-form citations will generally appear in footnotes rather than in running text.% \footnote{The MLA conventions \cite{mla} are an exception.} Thus, constructions of the form \begin{quotation} \verb+<note place=3Dfoot><cite.first target=3D +{\it \dots\ }{\tt = ></note>} \end{quotation} and \begin{quotation} \verb+<note place=3Dfoot><cite.short target=3D +{\it \dots\ = }\verb+></note>+ \end{quotation} will occur frequently. You can use \verb+<note.cite.first target=3D +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ and \verb+<note.cite.short target=3D +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ as abbreviations. If tags are provided in parallel, so that different versions of the document can be produced which use different citation schemes, any DTD = that produces a \lq\lq non short-form'' version must be written in such a way that constructions of the form \begin{quotation} \verb+<note place=3Dfoot><cite.short target=3D +{\it \dots\ = }\verb+></note>+ \end{quotation} produce \lq\lq nothing'' rather than \lq\lq an empty footnote''. \subsubsection*{Examples from ISO 690} \paragraph{A list of references} For the examples of citation tagging that start on page \pageref{cite-tags-examples}, it is convenient to assume that some appropriately tagged references are available. The following list shows how the works cited in section 9 of ISO 690 \cite{iso-690} might be = tagged. \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} <list.refs> <ref.mono.contrib id=3Dburchard1965> <contrib.primary> J. E. Burchard <contrib.title> How humanists use a library <host.title> Intrex: report of a planning conference on information transfer experiments <place> Cambridge (Massachusetts) <publisher> MIT Press <year> 1965 <location.within> <pages> 219 </location.within> <short.form> <contrib.primary> Burchard <contrib.title> How humanists use a library </short.form> </ref.mono.contrib> <ref.mono id=3Dcrane1972> <primary> D. Crane <title> Invisible colleges <place> Chicago <publisher> University of Chicago Press <year> 1972 <short.form> <primary> Crane <title> Invisible colleges </short.form> </ref.mono> <ref.mono id=3Dmassrecords> <primary> -- Is the ISO 690 example non-authentic? See Chicago Manual of = Style, page 490. -- <role> editor <name> B. Shurtleff Nathaniel </primary> <title> Records of the governor and company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England (1628—86) <place> Boston <publisher> publisher unknown <year> 1853—4 <extent> 5 volumes <short.form> Mass. Records </short.form> </ref.mono> <ref.article id=3Dstieg1981> <primary> M. F. Stieg <title> The information needs of historians <host> College and Research Libraries <location.within> <year> 1981 <rest.of.date> November <volume> 42 <number> 6 <pages> 549—560 </location.within> <short.form> <primary> Stieg <title> Information needs </short.form> </ref.article> </list.refs> \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} \paragraph*{Reference-by-number citations} \label{cite-tags-examples} Given the \verb+<list.refs>+ shown above, the example shown in section 9.2 of ISO 690 \cite{iso-690} can be tagged as follows: \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} The notion of an invisible college has been explored in the sciences <cite.number target=3Dcrane1972 punc=3D"."> Its absence among = historians is noted by Stieg <cite.number target=3Dstieg1981 partic=3D"page 556" = punc=3D"."> It may be, as Burchard <cite.number target=3Dburchard1985> points out = ... \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} \paragraph*{Short-form citations} The \lq\lq first citation'' examples shown in section 9.3.1 of ISO 690 \cite{iso-690} can be tagged as follows: \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} The notion of an invisible college has been explored in the sciences.<note.cite.first target=3Dcrane1972> Its absence among = historians is noted by Stieg.<note.cite.first target=3Dstieg1981 partic=3D"page 556"> = It may be, as Burchard<note.cite.first target=3Dburchard1985 partic=3D"page = 219"> points out ... \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} .. <note.cite.first target=3Dmassrecords partic=3D"vol. 1, p. 126"> ... \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} The \lq\lq second and subsequent citation'' examples shown in section \marginpar{\footnotesize\it Can we assume that software can take care of the alternative \lq\lq citation of previous footnote'' method? Does it matter?} 9.3.2 of \cite{iso-690} can be tagged thus: \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} .. <note.cite.short target=3Dsutton partic=3D"page 246"> ... .. <note.cite.short target=3Dmassrecords partic=3D"page 128"> ... \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} \paragraph*{Author-date citations} The example shown in section 9.4 of ISO 690 \cite{iso-690} can be tagged = as follows: \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} The notion of an invisible college has been explored in the sciences <cite.ad target=3Dcrane1972>. Its absence among historians is noted by = Stieg <cite.date target=3Dstieg1981 partic=3D"page 556">. It may be, as = Burchard <cite.date target=3Dburchard1985 partic=3D"page 219"> points out ... \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} \subsubsection*{Further examples} As further illustrations of how the citation tags are to be used in practice, there follow some examples that show how the quotations used = in section \ref{citation-background} of the present document might be = tagged. \vspace{\baselineskip} Tagging so that a document can be produced in a reference-by-number or = an author-date version: \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} .. Marshall and Lewitt's <cite.date target=3Dmarshall> approach <cite.number target=3Dmarshall> ... \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} Tagging so that a document can be produced in a \lq\lq short-forms in footnotes'' or an author-date version: \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} ``This,'' George Templeton Strong <cite.date target=3Dstrong> wrote = approvingly, ``is what our tailors can do.''<note.cite.short target=3Dstrong> \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} Tagging so that a document can be produced in a reference-by-number or a \lq\lq short-forms in footnotes'' version: \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} .. reluctant to delegate <multicite.number> <cite.number target=3Dsmith1980> <cite.number target=3Dchapman1981> </multicite.number> <note place=3Dfoot> <multicite.short> <cite.short target=3Dsmith1980> <cite.short target=3Dchapman1981> </multicite.short> </note> .. \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} Tagging so that, for reference-by-number citations, \marginpar{\footnotesize\it What happens about the space?} punctuation appears before a superscript number but after a bracketed number: \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} .. was reported previously <cite.number target=3D... punc=3D"."> \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} Tagging so that a multiple author-date citation appears within a single = bracket: \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} <multicite.ad> <cite.ad target=3Dlight1972> <cite.ad target=3Dlightwong> <cite.ad target=3Dkingston1976> </multicite.ad> \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} Tagging so that page-references appear within a multiple author-date = citation: \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} <multicite.ad> <cite.ad target=3Dkelley1896a partic=3D"page 10"> <cite.ad target=3Dkelley1896b> <cite.ad target=3Dkelley1907 partic=3D"page 3"> </multicite.ad> \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} \appendix \setcounter{chapter}{2} \chapter{TEI DTDs} \label{DTDs} % \section{DTD for ISO 690 (1987) references} % % The {\it TEIiso690-87} file defines tags for the elements that can = appear % in references to other works. % % \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim} % <!-- = ****************************************************************** --> % <!-- * This DTD defines tags for references to other works. Such = --> % <!-- * references may be collected together in a bibliography (see = --> % <!-- * section ??), but may also appear elsewhere (e.g., in footnotes = --> % <!-- * or running text). The DTD takes its classification scheme = from --> % <!-- * ISO 690. = --> % <!-- = ****************************************************************** --> % % <!-- * Citn.struct will be one of the classes given in ISO 690. = --> % <!ENTITY % full.ref % "(| monograph | part.of.monograph | = contribution.to.monograph | % | serial | article.in.serial | patent )" % % % % \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize} {\it It seems premature to work on the formal specifications of tags for references/citations until there has been some reaction to the general ideas given earlier. However, I envisage that a DTD would have the following characteristics: \begin{itemize} \item for published works, the elements shown in section 4 of ISO 690 \cite{iso-690} would be made mandatory or optional, depending on = whether ISO 690 shows them in roman or italic \item for {\tt<ref.article>}, it would be necessary to supply one or = other of {\tt<rest.of.date>} and {\tt<volume>}, but it would not be necessary to supply both \item In most situations, someone supplying a reference to \lq\lq a = published work'', and wanting to use the author-date system, would be able = to rely on \lq\lq author'' and \lq\lq date'' being extracted by software = from \verb+<primary>+ (or \verb+<contrib.primary>+) and \verb+<year>+. However, to help deal with awkward situations \cite[p.\ = 403]{chicago}, the DTD would allow \verb+<author.date>+ to be supplied for \lq\lq published works'' in the same way as for \lq\lq unpublished = works''. (The consequences for alphabetical ordering within reference-lists = would need thinking through.) \item for unpublished works, the DTD would require both the \lq\lq descriptive element'' and the \lq\lq location element'' (as = defined in BS 6371 \cite{bs-6371}) to be non-empty. \end{itemize} } \begin{thebibliography}{00} \bibitem{bs-1629} British Standards Institution. {\it References to published materials.} BS 1629:1989. \bibitem{iso-690} International Organization for Standardization. {\it Documentation --- bibliographic references --- content, form and structure.} ISO 690:1987. \bibitem{butcher} Judith Butcher. {\it Copy-editing.} 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. ISBN 0-521-25638-0. \bibitem{chicago} {\it The Chicago Manual of Style.} 13th edn. Chicago, London: Chicago University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-226-10390-0. \bibitem{bs-6371} British Standards Institution. {\it Citation of unpublished documents.} BS 6371:1983. \bibitem{endnote} Niles and Associates. {\it EndNote: a reference database and bibliography maker.} 3rd edn. Berkeley (CA 94709): Niles and Associates, 1989. \bibitem{lamport-86} Leslie Lamport. {\it\itlatex: a document preparation system.} Reading (Massachusetts), Wokingham: Addison-Wesley, 1986. ISBN 0-201-157-90-X. \bibitem{acs} Janet S. Dodd. {\it The ACS Style Guide.} Washington (DC): American Chemical Society, 1986. ISBN 0-8412-0917-0. \bibitem{mla} Joseph Gibaldi and Walter S. Achert. {\it MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.} 3rd edn. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1988. ISBN 0-87352-379-2. \bibitem{spss} Marija J. Noru{\v{s}}is. {\it SPSS-X Introductory Statistics Guide for Release^3.} SPSS Inc., 1988. ISBN 0-918469-54-6. \end{thebibliography} \end{document} ------_=_NextPart_001_01C19443.4DC497E4 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"> <HTML> <HEAD> <META HTTP-EQUIV=3D"Content-Type" CONTENT=3D"text/html; = charset=3Diso-8859-1"> <META NAME=3D"Generator" CONTENT=3D"MS Exchange Server version = 6.5.7654.12"> <TITLE> References and citations (2)

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\begin{document}

\title{Some suggestions about how TEI = Guidelines\\
might treat references and citations}
\author{David Rhead\\
University of Nottingham\\
{\footnotesize\tt JANET: = d.rhead@uk.ac.nottingham.ccc.vme}
}
\date{November 1991}
\maketitle

\sloppy

\pagenumbering{roman}

\begin{abstract}
These notes are an attempt to re-draft those sections = of the October
\marginpar{\footnotesize\it Written about TEI and = SGML by someone who
knows little about either}
1990 draft Guidelines that deal with references and = citations.
\end{abstract}

\tableofcontents

\clearpage
\pagenumbering{arabic}

\setcounter{chapter}{4}
\chapter{Features common to many text types}


\setcounter{section}{4}
\section{Bibliographic references and = citations}

\subsection{Terminology}

For the purpose of these Guidelines, the following = definitions apply:
\begin{description}
\item[reference] --- a set of data describing a = document, or part of a
      document.  The = data must be
      sufficiently precise = and detailed to enable someone to identify and
      locate the document = (or part).
\item[citation] --- a brief form of reference = inserted parenthetically
      within the running = text or appended as a note at the foot of
      the page, at the end = of a chapter, or at the end of the complete text.
\end{description}
This terminology is based on that used in BS 1629 = \cite{bs-1629} and ISO
690 \cite{iso-690}.  It differs from that used = by some other authorities,
e.g., Butcher \cite{butcher} and the {\it Chicago = Manual of Style}
\cite{chicago}, who use \lq\lq full reference'' and = \lq\lq text reference''
instead of \lq\lq reference'' and \lq\lq citation'' = respectively.

The citation schemes in general use can be classified = as
reference-by-number, author-date and = short-form.  They are described, for
example, in ISO 690 \cite[section 9]{iso-690}.

\subsection{Overall requirements}
\label{overall}

Users of the Guidelines will certainly need to be able = to:
\begin{itemize}
\item produce a document using a standard citation = scheme
\item tag a document for archiving that uses a = standard citation scheme.
\end{itemize}
The potential re-usability of tagged text will be = increased if, in
addition, the tagging scheme permits information to = be supplied so that
software can derive versions of a document that are = identical except that
they use different citation schemes.

Hence, the TEI tagging scheme (as described in the = following subsections)
can be used:
\begin{description}
\item[either] to tag a document \lq\lq as written'', = or for \lq\lq one
      off'' production, with = just the information needed for the single citation
      scheme chosen by the = document's author
\item[or] to tag a document with the information = needed to produce versions
      that use different = citation schemes.
\end{description}

\subsection{Background to tagging scheme for = references}

References may be found gathered together in a = bibliography or \lq\lq list
of references'', possibly with embedded narrative or = discussion.  They may
also appear within running text or footnotes.  = See \cite[chapter
10]{butcher} and \cite[chapters = 16--18]{chicago}.

It is clearly desirable that references should have = their internal
structure tagged where possible (e.g., to distinguish = \lq\lq London'' as an
author's name from \lq\lq London'' as a = place-of-publication).  Such
tagging will facilitate:
\begin{itemize}
\item analysis of encoded texts
\item production of a physical document that conforms = to a house-style.
\end{itemize}

Although there is a degree of consensus about the = details needed for a
\marginpar{\footnotesize\it If you put something like = these notes into the
Guidelines, you'll probably prune this subsection = first}
straightforward reference (e.g., to a book or = journal-article), different
authorities give different analyses of \lq\lq the = structure of a
reference'', and the different analyses lead to = different forms of
presentation in less straightforward cases.  = There are confusing
differences in terminology between \lq\lq = instructions for authors'' (as
issued by journals and publishing houses) and the = cataloguing rules used by
librarians, even though \lq\lq an author'' may well = have found a cited work
in a library, and must provide \lq\lq the reader'' = with the information needed
to locate the work in a library.%
\footnote{For example, an author might think in terms = of \lq\lq books''
and \lq\lq journals'', while a cataloguer might use = the terms
\lq\lq monographs'' and \lq\lq serials''.}
Although standards bodies have attempted to provide = suitable analyses of
the information that should be provided (together = with recommendations
about the order of presentation, etc.), there are = divergences between
the analyses given by different bodies: it is not = always easy to see whether
different standards are describing different schemes = or are just giving
different descriptions of a single scheme.%
\footnote{For instance, there seems little difference = between ISO 690's
\lq\lq primary responsibility'', BS 1629's  = \lq\lq originator'' and the
{\it Chicago Manual of Style\/}'s \lq\lq author'' = \cite[chapter 16]{chicago}.
However, BS 6371 \cite[section 10]{bs-6371}
suggests that a thesis should be treated like a = published book,
whereas the {\it Chicago Manual of Style\/} suggests = that a thesis
should be treated like an unpublished journal-article = \cite[p.\ 467]{chicago}.}
And the people who produce computer programs \lq\lq = to help authors deal with
references and citations'' seem to have added to the = confusion by
inventing their own analyses rather than using a = pre-existing analysis.%
\footnote{Examples:  ISO 690 has a single \lq\lq = articles, etc., in
serials'' category, but {\sf EndNote}'s default = scheme \cite{endnote}
has separate \lq\lq
journal article'' and \lq\lq magazine article'' = categories; BS^6371 treats all
theses the same \cite[section 10]{bs-6371}, but = \BibTeX's
standard styles \cite[appendix^B]{lamport-86}
have separate \lq\lq Master's thesis'' and \lq\lq = Ph.D.
thesis'' categories.}

Overall, except for straightforward cases, there seems = little consensus
about:
\begin{itemize}
\item the categories into which references can be = divided
\item the internal structure of references in a = particular category.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Tagging scheme for references}
\label{reference-tags}

It would probably be counter-productive (as well as = very time-consuming)
for TEI to attempt to clarify matters by producing = its own analysis of
\lq\lq categories'' and \lq\lq elements within each = category''.  Any new
analysis would probably be seen as just \lq\lq yet = another
not-quite-compatible scheme''.

The TEI tagging scheme for references is therefore = based on a combination
of two existing analyses,%
\footnote{If, in due course, a \lq\lq standard'' = appears that provides a
more appropriate analysis than the combination of ISO = 690:1987 with BS
6371:1983, the techniques described in Chapter 8 can = be used to modify the
Guidelines to support the new standard.  Users = of the current Guidelines
may wish to lobby ISO about the features they would = like in some future ISO
standard!  (There are, of course, plenty of = alternatives to the analysis
given by combining ISO 690 and BS 6371.  For = example, TEI could choose one
of the \lq\lq programs that help authors with = references and citations'',
adopt that program's analysis, and hence give some = compatibility between
that program and TEI tagging.)}
namely:
\begin{itemize}
\item for published works, that given by ISO 690 = \cite{iso-690}
\item for unpublished works, that given by BS 6371 = \cite{bs-6371}.%
\footnote{There does not seem to be an ISO standard = for references to
unpublished works.  The BS 6371 analysis is used = because (a) in the absence
of an ISO standard, {\it some} analysis has to be = used (b) BS 6371 happens
to make conversion to a concise DTD fairly = straightforward.}
\end{itemize}
In addition, the scheme supports a \lq\lq black box'' = category for use in
the following 2 situations:
\begin{itemize}
\item when neither ISO 690 nor BS 6371 seems = appropriate
\item when an author chooses not to tag the internal = structure of his/her
      reference.
\end{itemize}
The scheme gives each category of reference a tag of = the form
\verb+<ref. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+.  The = formal DTD is listed in Appendix
\ref{DTDs}.

Ideally, you should proceed as follows:
\begin{enumerate}
\item for a published work, consult ISO 690 = \cite{iso-690}.  If the work
      belongs to one of the = categories listed in section 4 of ISO 690, tag it as
      = \verb+<ref.mono>+, \verb+<ref.serial>+, = \verb+<ref.mono.part>+,
      = \verb+<ref.mono.contrib>+, \verb+<ref.article>+ or = \verb+<ref.patent>+.
\item for an unpublished work, consult BS 6371 = \cite{bs-6371}.
      If the BS 6371 = analysis seems appropriate, tag the work
      as = \verb+<ref.unpub>+ or \verb+<ref.resem.pub>+.
\item if none of the categories defined in ISO 690 or = BS 6371 seems
      appropriate, use the = \verb+<ref.black.box>+ tag.
\end{enumerate}

If you have insufficient time to tag the internal = structure of your
references, you can tag them all as = \verb+<ref.black.box>+.  However,
archive-users will then lose some options for = analysis, and
{\em you will lose some options for automatic = conversion of the electronic text
to human-readable form}, e.g.,
\begin{itemize}
\item layout of references in accordance with a = house-style
\item automatic derivation of the {\it (author, = date)} citations
      needed for the = author-date scheme.
\end{itemize}

The reference \lq\lq crystals'' that are given = \verb+<ref. +{\it \dots\
}\verb+>+ tags may appear in isolation, e.g., in = running text or in
\marginpar{\footnotesize\it What happens about the = things described
in \cite[p.\ 425]{chicago}?}
footnotes.  However, in many works, such \lq\lq = crystals'' will be gathered
together into a reference-list.  You should use = a \verb+<list.refs>+ tag to
identify such a list.

\subsubsection*{Example}

There follows an example of a tagged = reference-list.%
\footnote{The example reference-list glosses over = problems such as the
 following:
(1)  {\tt<prop.name code=3Dperson>} seems = a cumbersome way to specify
     people's names.
(2)  Do we assume that some \BibTeX-like code = processes names and combinations
     of names, so that internal = tagging of names can usually be omitted?
(3)  In titles, etc., what happens about \lq\lq = up-and-down-style versus
     down-style'', as when some = house-styles require most words to start
     with a capital letter, but = some house-styles have the same capitalization
     in titles as in normal = text?
(4)  How is {\tt<edition>} to be = specified, e.g., 1, 1st, first, First,
     revised, preliminary, = Canadian?
(5)  Does further tagging need defining within = {\tt<place>}, to cope with
     places like Cambridge = (Massachusetts)?
(6)  If {\tt<notes>} is of the form \lq\lq = Translation of: \lq\lq\ \dots\ '',
     how does one indicate that = \dots\ is a title (so that it may be
     typeset like other = titles)?
(7)  How is {\tt<numeration>} within = {\tt<ref.mono.part>} to be specified,
     if it may, e.g., have to = represent \lq\lq volume 5, part^3''?
(8)  What might appear in = {\tt<location.within>} within
     {\tt<ref.mono.part>}, = and how can one allow for the encoding
     of all possibilities?
(9)  In \verb+<location.within>+, = page-ranges will usually require an
     em-dash.  Does this = always need specifying explicitly?
(10) In \lq\lq serials'': what combinations of \lq\lq = dates and/or
     numbers'' may need tagging: = what is the relationship between
     \lq\lq = edition/issue-designation'' and \lq\lq year''?
(11) Might {\tt<rest.of.date>} be required in = different forms for
     serials, patents, = unpublished documents.  If so, does it matter?
(12) Should the scheme allow people to associate more = than one {\tt id} (or
     equivalent) with a = particular reference?  For example: an {\tt id}
     such as {\tt lominadze1981} = is easy to remember, but is not guaranteed
     to stay unique if reference = \lq\lq crystals'' are collected into a
     database; ISBN-based {\tt = id}s such as {\tt isbn0080216803} are
     difficult to remember, but = will stay unique no matter what other reference
     \lq\lq crystals'' are added = later.
(13) How does one indicate a \lq\lq missing value'', = as when the publisher
     is unknown?
}
To help show the correspondence between the tagging = scheme and the combined
ISO 690/BS 6371 analysis, the references in the list = are mostly taken from
the two standards documents = \cite{iso-690,bs-6371}.  The
\verb+<ref.black.box>+ reference shows how an = example given in BS 1629
\cite{bs-1629} can be tagged.

\begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
<list.refs>
  -- Monograph --
  <ref.mono id=3DLominadze1981>
     <primary> D. G. = Lominadze
     -- When <primary> is = as given above, it is assumed that:
        * a person = is primarily responsible (i.e., by default, <primary>
          is = assumed to be a <prop.name type=3Dperson>).  If a corporate = body
          is = responsible, <primary> can be given as, for example,
          = <primary><org>Imperial Chemical Industries.  Paint = Division</org>
          The = distinction only matters if <primary> is processed
          = automatically (e.g., to convert first names to initials, or
          to = reverse surname and first name).
        * the = primary responsibility is that of "author".  If desired, = roles
          can be = specified thus:
          = <primary>
          &nbs= p; <role> author <name> D. G. Lominadze
          = </primary>
          By using = <role> in both <primary> and <subordinate>, you can = clarify
          the = relationship between the "primary" and = "subordinate"
          = responsibilities.  See sections 7.1 and 7.3 of ISO 690.  = --
    <title> Cyclotron waves in = plasma
    <subordinate>
      <role> = translator <name> A. N. Dellis
    </subordinate>
    <edition> 1st
    <place> Oxford
    <publisher> Pergamon = Press
    <year> 1981
    <extent> 206 pages
    <series> International = series in natural philosophy
    <notes> Translation of: = Ciklotronnye volny v plazme
    <standard.number> ISBN = 0-08-021680-3
    -- If the citation scheme is = author-date, the surname and year
       required for an = in-text citation can be derived automatically from
       the = <primary> and <year> fields above --
    -- If the citation scheme is = "short form", the first citation will
       use at least the = <primary> and <title> elements above.  = Subsequent
       citations will = use the "short form" specified below.  (The = "short
       form" may = be introduced in the first citation.)  Declaring the
       "short = form" here is analogous to Butcher's suggestion
       = ("Copy-editing", page 178). --
    <short.form>
      -- Tagging within = <short.form> will permit the pattern of
         = typography to be the same in "first citation", = "subsequent
         = citations" and "full reference" --
      <primary> = Lominadze
      <title> = Cyclotron waves
    </short.form>
  </ref.mono>
  -- Serial --
  <ref.serial id=3Dcommsmanuf}
    <title> Communications = equipment manufacturers
    <responsibility> = Manufacturing and Primary Industries Division,
          &nbs= p;          Statistics = Canada
    <edition> Preliminary
    <issue.desig> = 1970&mdash;
    <place> Ottawa
    <publisher> Statistics = Canada
    <year> = 1971&mdash;
    <series> Annual census of = manufacturers
    <notes> Text in English and = French
    <standard.number> ISSN = 0700-0758
  </ref.serial>
  -- Part of monograph --
  <ref.mono.part id=3DParker1930>
    -- Software can make an = intelligent guess that the following
       entry is of the = form "personal-name and personal-name".
       When the = structure is less obvious, more detailed markup
       will be = required. --
    <primary> T. J. Parker and = W. D. Haswell
    <host> A text-book of = zoology
    <edition> 5th
    <numeration> volume 1
    <subordinate>
      <role> revisor = <name> W. D. Lang
    </subordinate>
    <place> London
    <publisher> Macmillan
    <year> 1930
    <location.within>
      <unit.type> = section
      <unit.number> = 12
      <unit.title> = Phylum Mollusca
      <pages> = 663&mdash;782
    </location.within>
    <short.form>
      <primary> Parker = and Haswell
      <title> = Zoology
    </short.form>
  </ref.mono.part>
  -- Contribution to monograph --
  <ref.mono.contrib = id=3DWrigley1968>
    <contrib.primary> E. A. = Wrigley
    <contrib.title> Parish = registers and the historian
    <host.primary> D. J. = Steel
    <host.title> National index = of parish registers
    <place> London
    <publisher> Society of = Genealogists
    <year> 1968
    <location.within>
      <unit.type> = volume
      <unit.number> = 1
      <pages> = 155&mdash;167
    </location.within>
    <short.form>
      <primary> = Wrigley
      <title> = Registers
    </short.form>
  </ref.mono.contrib>
  -- Article in serial --
  <ref.article id=3DWeaver1985>
    <primary> William = Weaver
    <title> The collectors: = command performances
    <subordinate>
      <role> = photographer <name> Robert Emmett Bright
    </subordinate>
    <host> Architectural = digest
    <location.within>
      <year> = 1985
      -- People usually = refer to weekly/monthly magazines by "date of
         = issue", but to academic journals by "year, volume and = (optionally)
         = issue-number".  The former style is supported by <year> = and
         = <rest.of.date>, the latter by <year>, <volume> and (if = desired)
         = <number>.  --
      <rest.of.date> = December
      <volume> = 42
      <number> = 12
      <pages> = 126&mdash;133
    </location.within>
    <short.form>
      <primary> = Weaver
      <title> = Collectors
    </short.form>
  </ref.article>
  -- Patent --
  <ref.patent id=3Dpatent608626>
    <primary>
      <role> applicant = <name><org> Carl Zeiss Jena, VEB </org>
    </primary>
    <invention.title> = <foreign lang=3Dgerman> Anordnung zur lichtelektrischen
          &nbs= p; Erfassung der Mitte eines Lichtfeldes </foreign>
    <subordinate>
      -- Can software make = an intelligent guess that this is
         = "personal-name and personal-name and personal-name",
         or = is more detailed markup essential? --
      <role> = inventor
        = <name><foreign lang=3Dgerman>
          &nbs= p;     W. Feist und C. Wahnert und E. = Feistauer
          &nbs= p;   </foreign>
    </subordinate>
    <notes>
      -- The following means = "according to the 3rd edition of the
         = International Patent Classification, the classification number
         is = G02 B 27/14" --
      = <int.class>
        = <edition> 3
        = <classification> G02 B 27/14
      = </int.class>
    </notes>
    <identifier>
      <office> = Schweiz
      <kind> = Patentschrift
      <number> = 608626
    </identifier>
    <year> 1979
    <rest.of.date> 01-15
  </ref.patent>
  -- Unpublished document --
  <ref.unpub id=3DTraquair1638>
    -- Descriptive element --
      <name> Earl of = Traquair
      <title> letter = to Marquess of Hamilton
      <year> = 1638
      <rest.of.date> = 28 Aug
      -- If there was a = "material designation", it would be tagged with
         = <mat.desig> --
    -- Location element --
      <place> = Lennoxlove (E. Lothian)
      <repository> = Muniments of Duke of Hamilton and Brandon
      <call.number> = C.1
      -- If different = citations of an unpublished work required different
         = "locations within the piece", it would be better to = omit
         = <location.within> from the <ref. ... > and to use = partic
         = attributes in the <cite. ... > tags --
      = <location.within> no. 963
    -- If there was "other = information", it would be tagged with
       = <other.info> --
    -- Although the surname and year = required for author-date citation of a
       published work = can usually be derived automatically, some human
       judgement is = needed about the "first significant word or words"
       for an = unpublished item.  The elements to be used are specified as
       shown below. = --
    <author.date>
      <author> = Traquair
      <date> = 1638
    </author.date>
    <short.form>
      <title> = Traquair's letter to Hamilton
    </short.form>
  </ref.unpub>
  -- Document resembling a published work = --
  <ref.resem.pub id=3Dmarkham1877>
    -- Descriptive element compiled as = if the document were published
       (but in line = with ISO 690, even though BS 6371 suggests BS 5605) --
      <primary> C. R. = Markham
      <title> Report = on the Geographical Department of the India Office,
          &nbs= p;   1867&mdash;1877
      <year> = 1877
    -- Location element --
      <place> = London
      <repository> = India Office Library
    <short.form>
      <primary> = Markham
      <title> = Geographical Department
    </short.form>
  </ref.resem.pub>
  -- Black box --
  <ref.black.box id=3DThatcher1986>
    Margaret Thatcher. = Interview.
    -- Structure is not specified in = <ref.black.box>, but presentational
       markup is = possible (so as to get appropriate typography) --
    <highlighted = rendition=3Ditalic>In: Six O'clock News.</highlighted>
    TV, BBC 1, 1986, Jan 29, 1823 = hrs.
    -- Software will be unable to = deduce the "author" and "date" to be
       used in = citations of <ref.black.box> references --
    <author.date>
      <author> = Thatcher
      <date> = 1986
    </author.date>
    <short.form>
      Thatcher. Interview. = 29 Jan 1986
    </short.form>
  </ref.black.box>
</list.refs>
\end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}


\subsection{Background to tagging scheme for = citations}
\label{citation-background}

Although there are elements of consensus among the = diverse groups who
\marginpar{\footnotesize\it If you put something like = these notes into the
Guidelines, you'll probably prune this subsection = first}
specify the conventions to which authors should = adhere when citing, there
are also differences of approach that make it = difficult to isolate the
structures that are to be encoded.  For = example:
\begin{enumerate}
\item
     The American Chemical = Society \cite{acs} gives
\begin{quotation}
\noindent
Marshall and Levitt's approach {\it cite\/}
\end{quotation}
     as an example of how to cite = at a
     logical place.  = However, if the author-date scheme is used, and the
     intructions given in ISO 690 = \cite{iso-690} are followed, the citation
     will  be of the = form
\begin{quotation}
\noindent
Marshall and Lewitt's ({\it date\/}) approach
\end{quotation}
     It seems that the ACS = example shows the \lq\lq
     logical place'' for = reference-by-number, and that the most appropriate
     position for the citation = changes if the citation scheme changes.
\item A similar problem arises if the scheme changes = from \lq\lq short-forms
     in footnotes'' to = author-date.  The {\it Chicago Manual of Style}
     recommends that footnote = numbers should,
     wherever possible, come at = the end of a sentence or at least at the
     end of a clause, as in = \cite[p.\ 406]{chicago}
\begin{quotation}
\noindent
\lq\lq This,'' George Templeton Strong wrote = approvingly, \lq\lq is what
our tailors can do.''$^1$
\end{quotation}
     where the superscript $^1$ = indicates the footnote that contains the
     citation.  However, = when the author-date scheme is used,
     the ISO 690 recommendations = lead to the citation being placed thus:
\begin{quotation}
\noindent
\lq\lq This,'' George Templeton Strong ({\it date\/}) = wrote approvingly,
\lq\lq is what our tailors can do.''
\end{quotation}
\item When two citations are adjacent, care is needed = when converting from
      reference-by-number to = \lq\lq short-forms in footnotes''.  For example,
      BS 1629 \cite{bs-1629} = converts the reference-by-number citation
\begin{quotation}
\dots\ reluctant to delegate$^{27,28}$ \dots
\end{quotation}
to
\begin{quotation}
\dots\ reluctant to delegate$^{35}$ \dots
\end{quotation}
where footnote 35 contains two citations.
\item
\label{punc}
      The position of a = reference-by-number citation may be affected
      by whether the numbers = are given in brackets (when they appear before
      punctuation) or as = superscripts (when they appear after punctuation).
      For example, the = American Chemical Society suggests \cite{acs},
\begin{quotation}
      \dots\ was reported = previously.$^3$
\end{quotation}
      but
\begin{quotation}
      \dots\ was reported = previously(3).
\end{quotation}
      House-style may also = decree \lq\lq no space'', as above,%
\footnote{\cite{acs} doesn't make it clear whether or = not ACS house-style
puts a space between the bracket and the preceding = word.}
      or \lq\lq a space'' as = in ISO 690's
\begin{quotation}
      \dots\ explored in the = sciences (24).
\end{quotation}
\item Although most publishers put short-form = citations in
      footnotes, the MLA = \cite{mla}
      advocates short-form = citations in running text.%
\footnote{Is this because the MLA thinks such = citations are ideal, or
because, when \cite{mla} was written, the technology = that makes citations
in footnotes easy was scarce?  If the MLA is now = ready to advocate/accept
citations in footnotes, some simplification of the = treatment given in
subsection \ref{citation-tags} may be = possible.}
\item
\label{multiple}
      Where more than one = work is cited at a particular point,
      the multiple citation = needs appropriate ordering and punctuation.
      A reference-by-number = house-style may require numbers to be
      given in ascending = order, with dashes used for number-ranges \cite{acs}.
      In an author-date = style, it should be possible for the typeset
      result of 3 adjacent = citations to be \cite[p.\ 403]{chicago}
      = \begin{quotation}
      (Light 1972; Light and = Wong 1975; Kingston 1976)
      \end{quotation}
      or, if page-numbers = are specified, \cite[p.\ 404]{chicago}
      = \begin{quotation}
      (Kelley 1896a, 10; = Kelley 1896b; Kelley 1907, 3)
      \end{quotation}
      When multiple = short-form citations occur in a footnote, the style will
      probably require = semicolons between the citations and a full stop
      after the last = citation \cite[p.\ 407]{chicago}.
\item
     In the past, {\it op.\ = cit.}, {\it loc.\ cit.}, {\it ibid.}\ and {\it
     idem.}\ \cite[p.\ = 489]{chicago} may have been labour-saving devices
     but, since computers can now = do the \lq\lq labour'', it is not clear
     that {\it op.\ cit.}, etc., = need supporting for \lq\lq new work''.  It
     used to be considered \lq\lq = good practice'' for a printer to convert
     the first {\it ibid.}\ on a = left-hand page to the corresponding
     short-form \cite[p.\ = 178]{butcher}.  Given that software can insert the
     short-form automatically, = might it be \lq\lq even better practice''
     for new documents to {\em = always} use the appropriate short-form
     rather {\it ibid\/}?
\item Some publications use different schemes in = parallel.  For example,
      a \lq\lq conference = proceedings'' might have one contribution
      that uses author-date = and another that uses \lq\lq short-forms in
      footnotes''.  = Some software houses seem to use \lq\lq short form''
      for their own = publications, and a different scheme for other people's
      publications (see, for = example, \cite{spss}).
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Tagging scheme for citations}
\label{citation-tags}

To take account of the points mentioned in sections = \ref{overall} and
\marginpar{\footnotesize\it In response to some = similar stuff, Nico Poppelier
 remarked
that I'm making a mistake that SGML novices often = make:  failure to
distinguish between syntax and semantics}
\ref{citation-background}, the Guidelines support the = tagging of
different schemes (i.e., reference-by-number, = author-date or short-form) in
parallel via \verb+<cite. +{\it \dots\ = }\verb+>+ tags as follows:
\begin{description}
\item[for the reference-by-number scheme] ---
      = \verb+<cite.number>+, to give numbers \lq\lq in order of first = citation''
\item[for the author-date scheme] ---
      = \verb+<cite.ad>+, to give citations of the form {\it (author, = date)\/},
      and (for when the = author's name occurs naturally in the text)
      = \verb+<cite.date>+ to just give {\it (date)}
\item[for the short-form scheme] ---
     \verb+<cite.first>+, = to give at least name(s) of author(s) and full title
\marginpar{\footnotesize\it If software can work out = whether a citation
is a \lq\lq first citation'', {\tt = <cite.first>} may not be needed (unless
needed for a \lq\lq table of abbreviations'')}
     for use in the first = citation,%
\footnote{In most cases, when document A cites = document B:
A will have a reference-list that contains a {\tt = <ref.\ }{\it
\dots\ }{\tt >} for B;
a {\tt <cite.first\ }{\it \dots\ }{\tt >} of B = will contain a
selection of the information from the {\tt <ref.\ = }{\it \dots\ }{\tt >};
a {\tt <cite.short\ }{\it \dots\ }{\tt >} of B = will contain a
selection of the information from the {\tt = <cite.first\ }{\it \dots\ }{\tt
>}.
However, if A has no reference-list, the {\tt = <ref.\ }{\it
\dots\ }{\tt >} for B will be placed where the = {\tt <cite.first\
}{\it \dots\ }{\tt >} would have been if A had had = a reference-list.
}
     and {\tt <cite.short>} = to give the
     \lq\lq short form'' required = for subsequent citations.
\end{description}

If several citations occur together, you should nest = the corresponding
\verb+<cite. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ elements = inside
\verb+<multicite.number>+, = \verb+<multicite.ad>+ or
\verb+<multicite.short>+, as appropriate.  = Such tagging gives scope
for software that can take account of details such as = those mentioned
in item \ref{multiple} of section = \ref{citation-background}.

Thus:
\begin{itemize}
\item If you are tagging an existing work, you will = use the
      \verb+<ref. +{\it = \dots\ }\verb+>+, \verb+<cite. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+
      and = \verb+<multicite. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ tags that are
      appropriate for the = citation scheme used by the work's author.
      This will usually = imply supplying tags for just one scheme
      (although there may be = exceptions in the case of conference
      proceedings, etc., if = different contributors use different schemes).
\item If you are writing a new work and are only = interested in producing
      one version (with a = single citation scheme), you will use the
      \verb+<ref. +{\it = \dots\ }\verb+>+, \verb+<cite. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+
      and = \verb+<multicite. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ tags that are
      appropriate for = whichever citation scheme you choose.
\item If you wish to tag a new work in such a way as = to maximize its
      potential = re-usability, you may wish to supply tags for more than
      one citation scheme in = parallel.
\end{itemize}

Obviously, such tagging will have to be used in = conjunction with
appropriate DTDs.  For example, if tags are = supplied for more than one
citation scheme in parallel, a typeset document will = need to have \lq\lq
all citation schemes visible'' in a conference = proceedings, but \lq\lq
only one citation scheme visible'' in a document that = is intended to just
use one scheme at once.

When taken in conjunction with the \verb+<ref. = +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ tags
introduced in section \ref{reference-tags}, the = \verb+<cite. +{\it \dots\
}{\tt>} tags provide support for software that = (when converting an
electronic text into a human-readable = document):
\begin{description}
\item[for reference-by-number] generates numbers = \lq\lq in order of first
      citation'', and makes = them available for use in a \verb+<list.refs>+
\item[for author-date] derives {\it author} and {\it = date} from information
      (usually surname and = year) provided in a
      = \verb+<list.refs>+, and makes them available for use by = \verb+<cite.ad>+
 or
      = \verb+<cite.date>+
\item[for short-form] takes the information provided = (once) in a
      \verb+<ref. +{\it = \dots\ }\verb+>+ and makes it available for use by
      = \verb+<cite.first>+ and \verb+<cite.short>+.  (If = desired, the
      = \verb+<cite.first>+ can introduce the \lq\lq short form'' to be = used by
      = \verb+<cite.short>+.)
\end{description}

A citation may have to specify not only a publication, = but a particular
page, section, equation, etc., within that = publication.  You can specify
such a subdivision by using the {\tt partic} = attribute in any of the
\verb+<cite. +{\it \dots\ }\verb+>+ = tags.%
\footnote{This glosses over questions such as whether = the internal
structure of {\tt partic} should be tagged, e.g., so = as to allow
for the different treatment of page-ranges by = different house-styles.
The \lq\lq molecules'' and \lq\lq atoms'' of internal = structure will
probably be much the same for {\tt partic} as for = {\tt <location.within>}
in {\tt <ref.\ }{\it \dots\ }{\tt >} = elements.}

\subsubsection*{Minor variations}

To take account of certain practical details, there = are some minor
variations between the definitions of the = \verb+<cite. +{\it \dots\
}{\tt>} tags.

Since the position of reference-by-number citations = relative to punctuation
may be affected by whether a house-style uses = superscript numbers or
bracketed numbers (see item \ref{punc} of = section
\ref{citation-background}), = \verb+<cite.number>+ and
\verb+<multicite.number>+ can be used with a = {\tt punc} attribute to
specify punctuation whose position may be house-style = dependent.
Formatting software will generally place punctuation = specified via {\tt
punc} to the left of superscript citations, but to = the right of bracketed
citations.  (If a = \verb+<multicite.number>+ is involved, the {\tt punc}
should be in the \verb+<multicite.number>+ = rather than in any of the
enclosed \verb+<cite.number>+s.)

Short-form citations will generally appear in = footnotes rather than in
running text.%
\footnote{The MLA conventions \cite{mla} are an = exception.}
Thus, constructions of the form
\begin{quotation}
\verb+<note place=3Dfoot><cite.first = target=3D +{\it \dots\ }{\tt ></note>}
\end{quotation}
and
\begin{quotation}
\verb+<note place=3Dfoot><cite.short = target=3D +{\it \dots\ }\verb+></note>+
\end{quotation}
will occur frequently.  You can use
\verb+<note.cite.first target=3D +{\it \dots\ = }\verb+>+ and
\verb+<note.cite.short target=3D +{\it \dots\ = }\verb+>+
as abbreviations.

If tags are provided in parallel, so that different = versions of the
document can be produced which use different citation = schemes, any DTD that
produces a \lq\lq non short-form'' version must be = written in such a way
that constructions of the form
\begin{quotation}
\verb+<note place=3Dfoot><cite.short = target=3D +{\it \dots\ }\verb+></note>+
\end{quotation}
produce \lq\lq nothing'' rather than \lq\lq an empty = footnote''.

\subsubsection*{Examples from ISO 690}

\paragraph{A list of references}

For the examples of citation tagging that start on = page
\pageref{cite-tags-examples}, it is convenient to = assume that some
appropriately tagged references are available.  = The following list shows
how the works cited in section 9 of ISO 690 = \cite{iso-690} might be tagged.

\begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
<list.refs>
  <ref.mono.contrib = id=3Dburchard1965>
    <contrib.primary> J. E. = Burchard
    <contrib.title> How = humanists use a library
    <host.title> Intrex: report = of a planning conference on information
          &nbs= p;      transfer experiments
    <place> Cambridge = (Massachusetts)
    <publisher> MIT Press
    <year> 1965
    <location.within>
      <pages> = 219
    </location.within>
    <short.form>
      = <contrib.primary> Burchard
      <contrib.title> = How humanists use a library
    </short.form>
  </ref.mono.contrib>
  <ref.mono id=3Dcrane1972>
    <primary> D. Crane
    <title> Invisible = colleges
    <place> Chicago
    <publisher> University of = Chicago Press
    <year> 1972
    <short.form>
      <primary> = Crane
      <title> = Invisible colleges
    </short.form>
  </ref.mono>
  <ref.mono id=3Dmassrecords>
    <primary>
      -- Is the ISO 690 = example non-authentic?  See Chicago Manual of Style,
         page = 490. --
      <role> editor = <name> B. Shurtleff Nathaniel
    </primary>
    <title> Records of the = governor and company of the Massachusetts Bay
          &nbs= p; in New England (1628&mdash;86)
    <place> Boston
    <publisher> publisher = unknown
    <year> = 1853&mdash;4
    <extent> 5 volumes
    <short.form>
      Mass. Records
    </short.form>
  </ref.mono>
  <ref.article id=3Dstieg1981>
    <primary> M. F. Stieg
    <title> The information = needs of historians
    <host> College and Research = Libraries
    <location.within>
      <year> = 1981
      <rest.of.date> = November
      <volume> = 42
      <number> = 6
      <pages> = 549&mdash;560
    </location.within>
    <short.form>
      <primary> = Stieg
      <title> = Information needs
    </short.form>
  </ref.article>
</list.refs>
\end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}

\paragraph*{Reference-by-number citations}
\label{cite-tags-examples}

Given the \verb+<list.refs>+ shown above, the = example shown in section
9.2 of ISO 690 \cite{iso-690} can be tagged as = follows:

\begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
The notion of an invisible college has been explored = in the sciences
<cite.number target=3Dcrane1972 = punc=3D".">  Its absence among historians is
noted by Stieg <cite.number target=3Dstieg1981 = partic=3D"page 556" punc=3D".">
It may be, as Burchard <cite.number = target=3Dburchard1985> points out ...
\end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}

\paragraph*{Short-form citations}

The \lq\lq first citation'' examples shown in section = 9.3.1 of ISO 690
\cite{iso-690} can be tagged as follows:

\begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
The notion of an invisible college has been explored = in the
sciences.<note.cite.first target=3Dcrane1972> = Its absence among historians is
noted by Stieg.<note.cite.first target=3Dstieg1981 = partic=3D"page 556">  It may
be, as Burchard<note.cite.first = target=3Dburchard1985 partic=3D"page 219">
points out ...
\end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}

\begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
.. <note.cite.first target=3Dmassrecords = partic=3D"vol. 1, p. 126"> ...
\end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}

The \lq\lq second and subsequent citation'' examples = shown in section
\marginpar{\footnotesize\it Can we assume that = software can take care
of the alternative \lq\lq citation of previous = footnote'' method?
Does it matter?}
9.3.2 of \cite{iso-690} can be tagged thus:

\begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
.. <note.cite.short target=3Dsutton = partic=3D"page 246"> ...
.. <note.cite.short target=3Dmassrecords = partic=3D"page 128"> ...
\end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}

\paragraph*{Author-date citations}

The example shown in section 9.4 of ISO 690 = \cite{iso-690} can be tagged as
follows:

\begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
The notion of an invisible college has been explored = in the sciences
<cite.ad target=3Dcrane1972>.  Its absence = among historians is noted by Stieg
<cite.date target=3Dstieg1981 partic=3D"page = 556">.  It may be, as Burchard
<cite.date target=3Dburchard1985 = partic=3D"page 219"> points out ...
\end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}


\subsubsection*{Further examples}

As further illustrations of how the citation tags are = to be used in
practice, there follow some examples that show how = the quotations used in
section \ref{citation-background} of the present = document might be tagged.

\vspace{\baselineskip}
Tagging so that a document can be produced in a = reference-by-number or an
author-date version:

\begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
.. Marshall and Lewitt's <cite.date = target=3Dmarshall>
approach <cite.number target=3Dmarshall> = ...
\end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}

Tagging so that a document can be produced in a = \lq\lq
short-forms in footnotes'' or an author-date = version:

\begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
``This,'' George Templeton Strong <cite.date = target=3Dstrong> wrote approvingly,
``is what our tailors can do.''<note.cite.short = target=3Dstrong>
\end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}

Tagging so that a document can be produced in a = reference-by-number or a
\lq\lq short-forms in footnotes'' version:

\begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
.. reluctant to delegate
<multicite.number>
  <cite.number target=3Dsmith1980>
  <cite.number = target=3Dchapman1981>
</multicite.number>
<note place=3Dfoot>
  <multicite.short>
    <cite.short = target=3Dsmith1980>
    <cite.short = target=3Dchapman1981>
  </multicite.short>
</note>
..
\end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}

Tagging so that, for reference-by-number = citations,
\marginpar{\footnotesize\it What happens about the = space?}
punctuation appears before a superscript number but = after
a bracketed number:

\begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
.. was reported previously <cite.number = target=3D... punc=3D".">
\end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}

Tagging so that a multiple author-date citation = appears within a single bracket:

\begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
<multicite.ad>
  <cite.ad  = target=3Dlight1972>
  <cite.ad  = target=3Dlightwong>
  <cite.ad  = target=3Dkingston1976>
</multicite.ad>
\end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}

Tagging so that page-references appear within a = multiple author-date citation:

\begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
<multicite.ad>
  <cite.ad  target=3Dkelley1896a  = partic=3D"page 10">
  <cite.ad  = target=3Dkelley1896b>
  <cite.ad  target=3Dkelley1907  = partic=3D"page 3">
</multicite.ad>
\end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}

\appendix

\setcounter{chapter}{2}
\chapter{TEI DTDs}
\label{DTDs}

%  \section{DTD for ISO 690 (1987) = references}
%
%  The {\it TEIiso690-87} file defines tags for = the elements that can appear
%  in references to other works.
%
%  \begin{footnotesize}\begin{verbatim}
%  <!-- = ****************************************************************** = -->
%  <!-- * This DTD defines tags for = references to other works.  = Such       -->
%  <!-- * references may be collected = together in a bibliography (see      = -->
%  <!-- * section ??), but may also appear = elsewhere (e.g., in footnotes   -->
%  <!-- * or running text).  The DTD = takes its classification scheme from  -->
%  <!-- * ISO = 690.           &nb= sp;           &nbs= p;            = ;            =          -->
%  <!-- = ****************************************************************** = -->
%
%  <!-- * Citn.struct will be one of the = classes given in ISO = 690.         -->
%  <!ENTITY  % full.ref
%          &nb= sp; "(| monograph | part.of.monograph | contribution.to.monograph = |
%          &nb= sp; | serial | article.in.serial | patent )"
%
%
%
%  \end{verbatim}\end{footnotesize}

{\it It seems premature to work on the formal = specifications of tags for
references/citations until there has been some = reaction to the
general ideas given earlier.

However, I envisage that a DTD would have the = following
characteristics:
\begin{itemize}
\item for published works, the elements shown in = section 4 of ISO 690
      \cite{iso-690} would = be made mandatory or optional, depending on whether
      ISO 690 shows them in = roman or italic
\item for {\tt<ref.article>}, it would be = necessary to supply one or other of
      = {\tt<rest.of.date>} and {\tt<volume>}, but it would not = be
      necessary to supply = both
\item In most situations, someone supplying a = reference to \lq\lq a published
      work'', and wanting to = use the author-date system, would be able to rely
      on \lq\lq author'' and = \lq\lq date'' being extracted by software from
      \verb+<primary>+ = (or \verb+<contrib.primary>+) and \verb+<year>+.
      However, to help deal = with awkward situations \cite[p.\ 403]{chicago},
      the DTD would allow = \verb+<author.date>+ to be supplied for \lq\lq
      published works'' in = the same way as for \lq\lq unpublished works''.
      (The consequences for = alphabetical ordering within reference-lists would
      need thinking = through.)
\item for unpublished works, the DTD would require = both the \lq\lq
      descriptive element'' = and the \lq\lq location element'' (as defined in BS
      6371 \cite{bs-6371}) = to be non-empty.
\end{itemize}
}


\begin{thebibliography}{00}
\bibitem{bs-1629} British Standards = Institution.
        {\it = References to published materials.}
        BS = 1629:1989.
\bibitem{iso-690}
        = International Organization for Standardization.
        {\it = Documentation --- bibliographic references ---
        content, = form and structure.}
        ISO = 690:1987.
\bibitem{butcher} Judith Butcher.  {\it = Copy-editing.}
        2nd = edn.
        Cambridge: = Cambridge University Press,
        = 1981.
        ISBN = 0-521-25638-0.
\bibitem{chicago} {\it The Chicago Manual of = Style.}
        13th = edn.
        Chicago, = London: Chicago University Press,
        = 1982.
        ISBN = 0-226-10390-0.
\bibitem{bs-6371} British Standards = Institution.
        {\it = Citation of unpublished documents.}
        BS = 6371:1983.
\bibitem{endnote}  Niles and Associates.
        {\it = EndNote: a reference database and bibliography maker.}
        3rd = edn.
        Berkeley = (CA 94709): Niles and Associates,
        = 1989.
\bibitem{lamport-86} Leslie Lamport.
        = {\it\itlatex: a document preparation system.}
        Reading = (Massachusetts), Wokingham: Addison-Wesley,
        = 1986.
        ISBN = 0-201-157-90-X.
\bibitem{acs} Janet S. Dodd.
        {\it The = ACS Style Guide.}
        Washington = (DC): American Chemical Society,
        = 1986.
        ISBN = 0-8412-0917-0.
\bibitem{mla} Joseph Gibaldi and Walter S. = Achert.
        {\it MLA = Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.}
        3rd = edn.
        New York: = Modern Language Association of America,
        = 1988.
        ISBN = 0-87352-379-2.
\bibitem{spss} Marija J. Noru{\v{s}}is.
        {\it = SPSS-X Introductory Statistics Guide for Release^3.}
        SPSS = Inc.,
        = 1988.
        ISBN = 0-918469-54-6.
\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

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